An installment loan is repaid in equal monthly payments. Early payments are mostly interest and later ones mostly principal; a higher rate or longer term raises the total interest.
A mortgage payment usually bundles principal, interest, tax and insurance (PITI). A larger down payment lowers the amount borrowed and the total interest.
Compound interest earns returns on prior returns, so growth accelerates. Starting early and contributing regularly both matter more than the compounding frequency.
A percentage discount reduces the price proportionally; stacked discounts multiply rather than add.
Tips are usually figured on the pre-tax total; splitting divides the full amount across the group.